seep, mature oil, prospect, recoverable oil, lead, migration, source rock, trap, hydrocarbons in place, seal, reservoir
4. Find English equivalents to the following Russian sentences:
1. Природные проявления нефти и газа указывают на образование углеводородов.
2. Сложная технология помогает обнаружить нефтяные и газовые месторождения и их протяженность.
3. Первоначально районы возможного содержания углеводородов подвергаются гравиметрической и магнитной разведке.
4. Возможные ловушки подвергаются сейсморазведке, которая создает профиль подземной структуры.
5. Разведка нефти и газа – процесс, связанный с большим риском.
6. Чтобы перспективная площадь была результативной, нужны следующие характеристики: материнская порода, миграция, ловушка, покрышка, коллектор.
7. Скважины, имеющие промышленное значение, составляют 40% от всех недавно пробуренных скважин.
5. Answer the following questions:
1. What is the name of the activity that deals with the search for hydrocarbon deposits?
2. What is “petroleum geology’’?
3. Are there visible features that provide evidence of hydrocarbon generation?
4. Why do we need highly sophisticated technology in oil and gas exploration?
5. What exploration methods can you name?
6. Is the seismic survey different from the other two?
7. When is oil exploration well drilled? What for?
8. Can you prove that oil exploration is a high–risk operation?
9. What do smaller companies search for?
10. When does a prospect work?
11. What elements should be present for the prospect to work?
12. When are hydrocarbons formed?
13. Why are hydrocarbons expelled from the source rock?
14. Could you name 3 density related mechanisms?
15. Why do hydrocarbons migrate upwards?
16. Are all hydrocarbons get trapped?
17. Where are they trapped?
18. Why do hydrocarbons staying in traps?
19. Characterize a reservoir rock.
20. What becomes of oil and gas when they are brought to the surface?
6. Learn the following terms and vocabulary:
| entrapment [in´træpmənt] | улавливание, захват |
| interpret | расшифровывать |
| gravity meter | гравиметр |
| magnetometer [məɡ´ni:tou´mi:tə] | магнитометр |
| core samples | образцы керна |
| sniffer | газоанализатор |
| seismology [saiz´molədʒi] | сейсмология |
| reflect back | отражать |
| density | плотность |
| hydrophone [´haidrəfoun] | гидрофон |
| seismometer [saiz´momitə] | сейсмограф |
| obtain (v) | добывать, приобретать |
| terrain [´terein] | местность; территория, район |
| measure (v) | измерять, мерить; отсчитывать |
| indicate (v) | показывать, указывать |
| detect (v) | замечать, открывать; обнаруживать |
Read and translate the text and answer the after-text questions
Finding Oil
The task of finding oil is assigned to geologists, whether employed directly by an oil company or under a contract from a private firm. Their task is to find the right conditions for an oil trap – the right source rock, reservoir rock and entrapment.Many years ago, geologists interpretedsurface features, surface rock and soil types, and, perhaps some small core samples obtainedby shallow drilling. Modern oil geologists also examine surface rocks and terrain, with the additional help of satellite images.
However, they also use a variety of methods to find oil. They can use sensitive gravity meters to measuretiny changes in the Earth’s gravitational field that could indicateflowing oil, as well as sensitive magnetometersto measure tiny changes in the Earth’s magnetic field caused by flowing oil.
They can detectthe smell of hydrocarbons using sensitive electronic noses called sniffers. Finally, and most commonly, they use seismology, creating shock waves that pass through hidden rock layers and interpreting the waves that are reflected backto the surface.
The shock waves travel beneath the surface of the Earth and are reflected back by the various rock layers. The reflections travel at different speeds depending upon the type or density of rock layers through which they must pass. The reflections of the shock waves are detected by sensitive microphones or vibration detectors – hydrophonesover water, seismometersover land. The readings are interpreted by seismologists for signs of oil and gas traps.
(David Lambert “The Field Guide to Geology”,
Cambridge University Press, 1998)
Find the answers to the following questions.
1. What specialists usually find oil?
2. What is their task?
3. What did shallow drilling help the specialists to do?
4. How do modern specialists examine surface rocks?
5. Are there new methods to find oil?
6. What do geologists use them for?
7. What does seismology deal with?
8. What is the aim of shock waves?
9. Do reflections travel at different speeds?
10. What are reflections detected by?
11. Are readings important?
UNIT V
OIL EXTRACTION
1. Learn the following vocabulary:
1. extract oil добывать нефть
2.establish (v) оценивать, устанавливать
3. refinery [ri´fain(ə)ri] нефтеперерабатывающий завод
4. reserves запасы
5. decrease (v) [di:´kri:s] уменьшать, убывать, понижаться
6. increase (v) [in´kri:s] увеличивать, повышать, усиливать
7. discover (v) обнаруживать, открывать
8. recover (v) получать (керн), добывать (нефть, газ)
9. pump (v\n) качать/насос
10. substance вещество, материя
11. сomposition состав, соединение
12. viable [´vaiəbl] жизнеспособный
13. recovery factor коэффициент нефтеотдачи
14. extract (v) извлекать (нефть, газ или
инструмент из скважины)
15. excess pressure избыточное давление
16. sluggish медлительный, медленный
17. treacle [´tri:kl] вязкая жидкость
18. seam [´si:m] пласт; тонкий слой; прослой
19. large-scale крупномасштабный
20. comme