The creation and activities of local
organizations
of the Bund Belarus
The formation of the Bund as the organization
was laid union of the circles of the Jewish workers and artisans
western provinces of Russia empire. Have them on the basis of
traditionally existed in the trades among mutual-aid funds (the
Jewish craftsmen - hevres) for the benefit of mass labor movement
in terms of economic recovery and encouraging the participation in
the struggle to improve their conditions of workers and artisans,
as put forward demands to increase wages wages, and shorter working
hours, better working conditions were all clear and urgent.
Gradually, the union is "shop" Cass (a profession)
in the city, and then the district. Reason for this is was,
firstly, the need for financial support for strikers (especially if
the strike was prepared in all crafts), and secondly, the desire of
the Social Democrats to establish a network of closely related
labor organizations, united by one goal. Cash gatherings used the
Social Democrats to promote Marxist ideas, and later for the
dissemination of revolutionary literature and training facilitators
in the working environment.
Benevolent Fund, were also formed on an
occupational basis - the shop. They were led by departmental
gatherings that solve critical issues and the organization of the
strike (which was very timely in the wake of the mass strike
movement in the 90s. This has enabled the Social Democrats to use
the mass workers movement for political agitation and klasovogo
education workers. Thus began the process of transformation
mutual-aid funds to fund the fight, which took place under the
influence and direct participation of the Jewish Social-Democrats,
which have developed active in the province at the turn of the 80 -
90 years of the XIX century, and was most common in the mid 90s.
With the end of the period promotion and transfer of Social
Democrats to mass agitation in the working environment. The first
such ticket was founded in Vilna in 1888 at chulochnits. [2, pp.
56]. By Remark Martov "became the head of the strike movement,
helping to formulate the strikers their demands, the Social
Democrats have reached a short AREM noticeable effect on the
workers and Masa had to turn fragmented, the private struggle of
individual groups of workers in class struggle against the
oppressor of his poleiriata mass classes "[4, p.83].
This fund began to struggle not only at the head
of the strike movement in the province, but also a center of
education workers. Craftsmen fund set up everywhere and the
Government as a source of antigovernment propaganda. In 1896, in
Minsk acted Booking artisans bench and blacksmith shops of the 50
people on her needs met weekly for 10 kopecks. with the student and
20 kopecks. with apprentice [6, LL 2 on 9 on.]. The same cashier
from 1894 existed at the tailors, cobblers, schetochnikov etc. [6,
pp. 12 on. - 13 on].
Thus against the background of the strike movement
has developed and matured a mass workers organization, has united a
community economic requirements for employers (increased wages,
shorter hours, better working conditions, etc.). In October 1897
took place on 1 congress of representatives of 15 cities: Vilnius,
Minsk, Warsaw, Dvinsk, Bialystok, Bobruisk, Smorgon, Lodz, Kovno,
Mogilev, Gomel, Vitebsk, Odessa, Verzhbolova, Vilkovyshek [5, pp.
199]. Thus was created the Bund.
At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. basis of the
organizational structure of the Bund continued to be cash struggle
(strike funds). Their primary objectives are: to disseminate among
the masses of social democratic ideas, the development of class and
political consciousness of workers, improve their economic
situation. The transition from propaganda in small circles to the
general agitation among the working masses, marked changes in the
tactics of the Social-Democrats, the middle 90s. XIX century.,
Demanded radical changes in prevailing before the work and
organization. The reform plan was scheduled for leaders of the
movement in Vilna, as follows: 1) the final conversion of shop
insurance funds in public resistance (cash counter), etching of
them the last remnants of peaceful mutual-aid funds, and 2) direct
connection of the Social Democratic Center with these insurers
through the permanent collections of prominent figures for each
fund "with the center (meeting facilitators), and 3) adaptation of
the circles to the problem of making the leaders of the mass
movement of workers, so the clubs should be taken only active
workers are able and inclined to engage in propaganda; classes in
the groups must be free from academic and school nature, closer to
life, 4) classes in the groups should be conducted primarily in the
jargon, to make possible the participation of all capable of
propaganda work of the proletarians [2, pp. 57].
In the late XIX-early XX centuries. in each city
with a notable labor movement has established local committees of
the Bund. Initially, their role was more of a coordinating and
directing: equipment for the study circles of socialist literature
and political readings, distributing illegal literature and issue
proclamations supporting the strikers with money and formulation of
requirements in the strikes, etc. To do this, the committees were
needed streamlined communication among themselves and with the
Central Committee for the supply of literature, organization of
illegal libraries on the ground, a network of safe houses for the
organization of meetings. For the Central Committee sets forth the
general leadership of the movement, liaison between the local
committees, supply of literature and publishing activities [3, pp.
85-86.].
Analysis of the economic situation during the
economic downturn of the late XIX century. forced the Bund to its 4
th Congress in 1901 to introduce a limited offensive strikes [1,
pp. V]. first place in the activities of organizations out
political struggle. As the nature and expanding forms of fighting
organization became grow the necessary specialized branches (the
editorial group and printing for the publication of proclamations
and other revolutionary literature; Red Cross, helping prisoner and
exile, etc.).
Evolution of the organizational structure of the
Bund was a parallel evolution of the main ideological principles
and, accordingly, the goals and objectives put forward by the Bund
at the turn of XIX - XX centuries.
Thus, at the head of the labor movement of every
city in fact there were two centers - the workers and
intellectuals, who possessed a high degree of autonomy. The
confrontation of these centers, the reluctance to restructure work
circles of education led to the Workers Opposition in many centers
of motion.
But at the beginning of XX century, аs the
exhaustion of the prospects for purely economic struggle,
anti-government protests intensify political and retaliatory
government repression against Zubatovism and impact of such
vocational-revolutionary organizations, like Iskra begin
centralistic growth trends in the Bund and the corresponding
restructuring of its structure. It was expressed primarily in the
expansion of the competence of local committees of the Bund and
strengthening the leadership role of the Central Committee on the
basis of strict party discipline.
At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. basis of the
organizational structure of the Bund continued to be cash struggle
(strike funds). Their primary objectives are: to disseminate among
the masses of social democratic ideas, the development of class and
political consciousness of workers, improve their economic
situation. The transition from propaganda in small circles to the
general agitation among the working masses, marked changes in the
tactics of the Social-Democrats, the middle 90s. XIX century,
Demanded radical changes in prevailing before the work and
organization. The reform plan was scheduled for leaders of the
movement in Vilna, as follows: 1) the final conversion of shop
insurance funds in public resistance (cash counter), etching of
them the last remnants of peaceful mutual-aid funds, and 2) direct
connection of the Social Democratic Center with these insurers
through the permanent collections of prominent figures for each
fund "with the center (meeting facilitators), and 3) adaptation of
the circles to the problem of making the leaders of the mass
movement of workers, so the clubs should be taken only active
workers are able and inclined to engage in propaganda; classes in
the groups must be free from academic and school nature, closer to
life, 4) classes in the groups should be conducted primarily in the
jargon, to make possible the participation of all capable of
propaganda work of the proletarians [2, pp. 57].
In the conduct of local committees, and also took
over stewardship of the surrounding villages to the city. Under the
direct supervision committee meetings were agitators who had
carried out the decisions of the Committee. In addition to these
institutions, headed by general revolutionary work throughout the
city, there were also craft centers for the same work in certain
crafts. Thus, the cash gradually replaced the rallies from 80-ies
of XIX century. workers circles, where the Social Democrats trained
workers in literacy and аbility to consider, the beginnings of
political economy, gradually turned into numerous organization,
which became the head of a numerically increased the labor
movement. Thus were created the conditions for creating one of the
oldest and most influential in the territory of Belarus Social
Democratic Party - the Bund.
Sources and literature
1. 1905 in Belarus. Collection of articles,
memoirs and Materials, Ed. M. Schulman / Commission CEC of the BSSR
in the commemoration of the 20 th anniversary of the revolution. -
Mn., 1925. - 131 pp.
2. Buchbinder NA History of the Jewish labor
movement in Russia. In unpublished archival material. - L.:
Academic Publishers, 1925
3. Report on the Russian Social-Democratic
movement to the International Socialist Congress in Paris. History
of the Jewish labor movement in Russia and Poland. - Geneva,
1901
4. Martov L. proletarian struggle in Russia. -
2-nd edition, revised and expanded. - Spb., Publishing RG Glagolev,
1906
5. NARB, fax. 60, op. 3, d. 91.
6. NIAB, fond. 705, op. 1, d. 1.