R E V I E W
TOPIC
“The history of
Moscow”
EXECUTOR:
Leonova Nastya, 8 “B”
Moscow was fist mentioned in the chronicles in
1147. At that time it was a small frontier post. It is the official
date of the foundation of Moscow; Thought the settlement had been
there for some time before. It was fortified and became a market
town in the late 12th century. The town was almost to
tally destroyed in 1237 and 1293 during the Tatar invasion. It was
again captured by the Tatars in 1382. And it was Moscow Prince
Dmitry Donskoy who led the Russian troops to a decisive victory
over the invader in the battle of Kulikovo field in 1380.
By the 15th century Moscow turned into
a wealthy city. It was under Ivan Ш that Moscow became the capital
of the state of Muscovy. At that time the Kremlin
Was rebuilt and the Kremlin Cathedrals were
erected.
By the 15th century Moscow turned into
a wealthy city. It was under Ivan Ш that Moscow became the capital
of the state of Muscovy at the time the Kremlin was rebuilt and the
Kremlin Cathedrals were erected.
During the time of Troubles Moscow was occupied by
the Polish invaders but they were routed by the popular levy headed
by Minin and Pozharsky.
By the end of the 15th century Moscow
extended its rule over most of central and northern Russia. Its
rulers continued to build fortifications around it.
The transfer of the capital by Peter the Great to
St.Petersburg in 1712 brought a period of decline to Moscow.
Moscow is known for its beautiful old Cathedrals,
churches and monasteries. Some of them date from the 15th to the
17th centuries. The oldest part of Moscow is the Kremlin. This is
the main tourist attraction in Moscow the Kremlin stands at the
heart of the city. The word “Kremlin” means “fortress”, and the
Moscow Kremlin use to be a fortress. In the 15th
century, by order of grand duke Ivan Ш the Kremlin was surrounded
by a new red-brick wall.
I have a special liking for the Kremlin and St.
Basils Cathedral. They are masterpieces of ancient Russian
architecture. The main Kremlin tower, the Spasskaya Tower, has
become the symbol of the country. On the territory of the Kremlin
you can see old Cathedrals. The Bell Tower of Ivan the Great, the
Palace of Congresses, the Tsar-Cannon and the Tsar-Bell, the
biggest cannon and bell in the world. St. Basils Cathedral was
built in the mid - 16th century in memory of the victory
over Kazan. There is a legend that Ivan the Terrible blinded the
architects Burma and Postnik, because he didnt want them to create
another masterpiece.
The Moscow Kremlin is the ancient centre of
Moscow. It is located on Borovitsky Hill on the left lank the
Moskva river and considered one of the most beautiful architectural
ensembles in the world.
In 1156 the Kremlin was fortified with ramparts
and in 1367 white stone towers and walls were erected. Brick
buildings were added between 1485 and 1495.
The Moscow Kremlin contains fine examples of
Russian architecture of the 15th to 17th
centuries the Cathedrals of the Domination, the Annunciation and
the Archangel. Ivan the Greats Bell Tower, the Faceted Palace, the
Terem Palace, the Senate Building, the Nikolskaya, the Trinity and
the Boroviskaya Towers. The Tsar Cannon and the Tsar Bell are
remarkable achievements of Russian cost ironwork.
Cathedral Square is the ancient centre of the
Kremlin Architectural ensemble. The main Kremlin cathedrals are
located here. The Tsars were crowned in the Cathedral of the
Domination and buried in the Archangel Cathedral.
The Tsar would leave the Facetted Palace from the
Red Porch. After services in the Cathedral of the Domination a
procession would cross Cathedral Square.
The Cathedral of the Domination was built by
Halian architect Aristotle Fioravanti from 1475-1479 in the style
of the Russian 12th century The Cathedral of the
Domination at Vladimir. Unique examples of ancient art are
preserved here; the Byzantine icon of the Virgin of
Vladimir and the icons of St. George and the Holy
Trinity. The Cathedral of the Domination was the most important in
Ancient Rus. The first Russian Tsar Ivan the Great was crowned
here.
The Archangel Cathedral , built by Halian
architect Alevisio Nove in 1505-1509 served as the burial place of
Russian Tsars and grand princes. Here you can see the ancient
head-stone of Ivan Kalita.
The cathedral contains the priceless
15th-century icon of the Archangel Michael, assumed to
be the work of Andrei Rublyov.
The Cathedral of the Annunciation was built in the
Late 14th and early 15th centuries. In the
1480s, during the reign of Ivan Ш, Pskov master craftsmen
constructed a new three domed brick church on the foundations of on
older structure. The church was rebuilt in 1562-1564 after
A fire, and another two domes and four corner
side-chapels with cupolas were added. The Cathedral walls were
pointed by Feodosii and his followers in 1508. The second and third
tier of icons were pointed in 1405 by Andrei Rublyov, Theophanes
the Greek and Prokhor of Gorodets.
Ivan the Greats Bell Tower is regarded as a marvel
of early 16th-century architecture. It was built in
1505-08 by Bon Friazin, and two additional tiers were added in 1600
by order of Boris Godunov. This was the Kremlins main watch tower.
The Faceted Palace is the oldest secular building in Moscow,
erected by architects Marco Ruffo and Pietro Antonio Solari in
1487-91. The faceted stone facade after which named overlooks
Cathedral Palace.
The Kremlin is the heart of Moscow. It is the
oldest historical and architectural centre of Moscow.