| Participle | Active | Passive |
| Present | using | being used |
| Past | -------------------------------- | used |
| Perfect | having used | having been used |
1. The results obtained are of particular importance for our research.
2. Having obtained the required results we informed the manager of this fact.
3. The necessary data having been obtained, we could continue our experiment.
4. Being obtained the results of the research were analyzed.
5. While operating with graphical interface people usually use such manipulators as a mouse and a track ball.
6. Key-to-disc devices used as data recording stations can correct data before storing it on a magnetic disc.
7. D. Mendeleyev having arranged the elements in a table, the existence of yet unknown elements could be predicted.
8. All the necessary preparations having been done, the operator began assembling the machine.
9. Being built on the basis of transistors lasers are successfully used in technology.
Переведите предложения, содержащие инфинитивную конструкцию The Complex Subject.
1. Printers are known to vary greatly in performance and design.
2. They are expected to be the most commonly used devices.
3. Magnetic fields are supposed to affect a high iron content of the ink.
4. The ink-jet printer is stated to be one of the newest types of character printers.
5. Electrophotographic techniques proved to have developed from the paper copier technology.
6. An impact printer is considered to produce a printed character by impacting a character font against the paper.
7. Dot-matrix printers seem to have a lower quality of type.
8. The most common printer type used on larger systems is sure to be the line printer.
9. A lot of techniques are believed to be used in the design of printers.
10. A laser is certain to be an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.
SUPPLEMENTARY READING
(ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНОГО ЧТЕНИЯ)
A MODEM
The piece of equipment that allows a computer to communicate with other computers over telephone lines is called a modem. The modem allows the individual to access information from all over the world and use that information in everyday life. Connecting with banks, Automatic Teller Machines, cash registers to read credit cards, access travel agents, buy products, e-mail, access databases, and teleconferencing, the modems provide easy access to many services. Files can be transferred easily, by uploading to another machine, or downloading to your own machine within a matter of minutes. The computer modem can be used as a telephone answering system, and documents can be faxed from one computer to another assuring fast and easy access to important documents.
A modem takes computer information and changes it into a signal that can be sent over telephone lines. The modem is a bridge between digital and analog signals. The computer is of the digital type, and the telephone using analog technology. The modem converts the “0”s and “1”s of the computer (off-on switches) into an analog signals modulating the frequency of the electronic wave or signal. The modem does just the opposite and demodulates the signal back into digital code. The modem gets its name from Modulate and the Demodulate.
Most people believe that you need a separate phone line for a modem, but that is not true. Your modem and telephone can share one line; the problem arises when someone else needs to use the telephone while the modem is in use. Also disable call waiting, it could disrupt your modem connection while the modem is in use.
There are three kinds of modem – internal, external and fax. All modems do the same thing; they allow computers to communicate through telephone lines. This lets computers exchange information everywhere.
Internal Modem is a circuit board that pugs into one of the expansion slots of the computer. Internal modems usually are cheaper than external modems, but when problems occur, fixing and troubleshooting the modem can sometimes prove to be quite difficult.
External Modem attaches to the back of the computer by way of a cable that plugs into the modem port. It is usually less expensive and very portable. It can be used with other computers very easily by unplugging it and plugging it into another computer.
Fax Modem can be hooked up to your telephone and used to send information to your computer. Your computer can also send information to a fax machine. Most computer modems are modems with faxing capabilities.
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE
All computers consist of hardware. This includes the computer itself and all other related physical devices. The other pieces of the computer system include software, the instructions that tell the computer what tasks to perform; data, the information the computer works on, and you, the user, who ultimately tell the computer what to do, and for whom the computer does all its work.
All computers use the same basic techniques for carrying out the tasks we give them. The computer takes in data through input devices, it manipulates the data according to its instructions, it outputs the results of its processing, and it stores data for later use. These four processes together are known as the computing cycle.
Input is the process of entering data into the computer. The most common device used for input on microcomputers is the keyboard. Computer keyboards include many special command and function keys to perform specialized input tasks as well as the usual typewriter layout. Other input devices include a mouse, which manipulates a pointer on the computer screen for giving commands and entering data; a scanner which reads graphic images and pages of text and sends them to the computer; a modem which receives data over phone lines and several other devices.
Once data is in a microcomputer, it is processed by the microprocessor and its associated integrated circuit chips. Microprocessors perform all calculations and manipulations necessary to transform data into meaningful information. Associated with the processor is the computer’s memory which while they are being used by the processor.
Getting processed data out of the computer is the job of output devices. The computer can display the data on a monitor screen of which there are several types: colour or monochrome, flat-panel or picture tube, desktop or portable. You can also send data to a printer or plotter to make a paper copy use the modem to send the data over a phone line to another computer or use any number of specialized output devices.
What do you do if you want to keep the data in a permanent form? That’s what storage devices are for. Storage devices hold permanently, so you can save it and retrieve it later. All microcomputers use discs to store data magnetically. Each type at disk is used by its corresponding disc drive to read and write information. Floppy discs are used for easy, portable storage, and built-in hard discs are used for more permanent storage of larger amounts of data and programs for fast access. Other common storage devices include optical discs (such as CD-ROM) and magnetic tape.
A program is a group of instructions that tells the processing devices what to do. Software can be a single program or a set of programs that work together. Because their meanings are very similar, the terms software (or a piece of software) and program are often used interchangeably.
Two types of software are necessary to make the computer capable of performing useful work. They are the operating system and application software. The operating system contains basic instructions that tell the CPU how to use other hardware devices, where to find programs in memory, and how to load and keep track of programs in memory. Because it includes basic instructions that are vital to the internal functioning of the computer, the operating system is the first program to be processed after the computer is turned on, and it remains in memory until the computer is turned off.
For the computer to perform useful tasks, it needs application software in addition to the operating system. An application is a job that a computer can perform, such as creating text documents, manipulating sets of numbers, creating graphic images and communicating with other computers. Application software is the term used to describe programs that tell the computer how to perform such jobs. The six most common types of application software are:
- Word processing software;
- Graphics software;
- Desktop publishing software;
- Spreadsheet software;
- Database management software;
- Communications software.
Application software is what makes a computer a tool for performing the tasks we most often need to complete at school, at home or at offices.
WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
A computer is a machine with an intricate network of electronic circuits that operate switches or magnetize tiny metal cores. The switches, like the cores, are capable of being in one or two possible states, that is, on or off; magnetized or demagnetized. The machine is capable of storing and manipulating numbers, letters and characters (symbols).
The basic idea of a computer is that we can make the machine do what we want by inputting signals that turn certain switches on and turn others off, or magnetize or do not magnetize the cores.
The basic job of computers is processing of information. For this reason computers can be defined as devices which accept information in the form of instructions, called a program, and characters, called data, perform mathematical and logical operations on the information, and then supply results of these operations. The program or part of it, which tells the computers what to do and the data which provide the information needed to solve the problem are kept inside the computer in a place called memory.
It is considerable that computers have many remarkable powers. However, most computers, whether large or small, have three basic capabilities.
First, computers have circuits for performing arithmetic operations, such as: addition, subtraction, division, multiplication and exponentiation.
Second, computers have a means of communicating with the user. After all, if we could not feed information in and get results back, these machines would not be of much use. Some of the most common methods of inputting information are to use terminals, diskettes, disks and magnetic tapes. The computer’s input device (a disc drive or tape drive) reads the information into the computer. For outputting information two common devices used are: a printer, printing the new information on paper, and a cathode-ray-tube display which shows the results on a TV-like screen.
Third, computers have circuits which can make decisions. The kinds of decisions which computer circuits can make are not of the type: “Who would win the war between two countries?” or “Who is the richest person in the world?” Unfortunately, the computer can only decide three things, namely: Is one number less than another? Are two numbers equal? Is one number greater than another?
A computer can solve a series of problems and make thousands of logical decisions without becoming tired. It can find the solution to a problem in a fraction of the time it takes a human being to do the job.
A computer can replace people in dull, routine tasks, but it works according to the instructions given to it. There are times when a computer seems to operate like a mechanical “brain”, but its achievements are limited by the minds of human beings. A computer cannot do anything unless a person tells it what to do and gives it the necessary information, but because electric pulses can move at the speed of light, a computer can carry out great numbers of arithmetic-logical operations almost instantaneously. A person can do the same but in many cases that person would be dead long before the job was finished.
БИБЛИОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ СПИСОК
1. Качалова, К.Н. Практическая грамматика английского языка [Текст]: учебник / К.Н. Качалова, Е.Е. Израилевич. – М.: ЮНВЕС, 1996. – 717 с.
2. Англо-русский словарь: 40000 слов [Текст] / сост. И.К. Мюллер, С.К. Боянус. – Киев: Канон: Гамма Пресс, 2002. – 688 с.
3. Англо-русский и русско-английский современный словарь + грамматика [Текст]: около 50000 слов / сост. Т.А. Сиротина. – Ростов н/Д.: БАРО-ПРЕСС, 1999. – 992 с.
4. Радовель, В.А. Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности [Текст]: учеб. пособие / В.А. Радовель. – Ростов н/Д: Изд-во «Феникс», 2005. – 219 с.
5. Лоскутова, Г.В. English. Computer: views and news [Текст]: учеб. пособие / Г.В. Лоскутова, Ю.В. Масленникова. – Санкт-Петербург: Изд-во «Каро», 2004. – 190 с.
ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ А
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Фонетический справочник