АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
Практикум
для студентов 2 курса ЗФ (в том числе с использованием дистанционных технологий) по дисциплине «Иностранный язык» специальности 230201 «Информационные системы и технологии», специальности 100101 «Сервис» (специализация 230702 «Информационный сервис»), специальности 080801 «Прикладная информатика в сфере сервиса»
ШАХТЫ
ЮРГУЭС
Составители:
старший преподаватель кафедры «Иностранные языки»
М.А. Горбина
Рецензенты:
доцент кафедры «Иностранные языки»
В.И. Белай
к. пед. наук, доцент кафедры «Иностранные языки»
Н.А. Дмитриенко
Данный практикум предназначен для студентов 2 курса ЗФ (в том числе с использованием дистанционных технологий) специальности 230201 «Информационные системы и технологии», специальности 100101 «Сервис» (специализация 230702 «Информационный сервис»), специальности 080801 «Прикладная информатика в сфере сервиса».
Он разработан в соответствии с государственным образовательным стандартом высшего профессионального образования по иностранным языкам для неязыковых вузов. Данный практикум снабжен приложениями, грамматическим справочником, руководством по составлению аннотации и текстами для дополнительного чтения.
Цель практикума - развитие навыков чтения литературы по специальности. Текстовый материал, заимствованный из оригинальной зарубежной и отечественной литературы, а также комплекс лексико-грамматических заданий, включающих лексику и терминологию указанной специальности, способствуют практической реализации поставленной цели.
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
Введение ………………………………………………………………….4
Урок 1 ………………………………………………………………5
Урок 2 ………………………………………………………………7
Урок 3 ……………………………………………………………...10
Урок 4 ……………………………………………………………..12
Урок 5 ……………………………………………………………..15
Урок 6 ……………………………………………………………..17
Урок 7 ……………………………………………………………..20
Урок 8 ……………………………………………………………..23
Урок 9 ……………………………………………………………..25
Урок 10 ……………………………………………………………28
Тексты для дополнительного чтения …………………………...32
Библиографический список……………………………………………..36
Приложение А…………………………………………………………....37
Приложение Б……………………………………………………………38
Приложение В……………………………………………………………40
Приложение Г……………………………………………………………42
Приложение Д …………………………………………………………...44
ВВЕДЕНИЕ
Данный практикум разработан в соответствии с требованиями государственного образовательного стандарта высшего профессионального образования по иностранным языкам для неязыковых вузов и предназначен для студентов 2 курса ЗФ (в том числе с использованием дистанционных технологий) специальности 230201 «Информационные системы и технологии», специальности 100101 «Сервис» (специализация 230702 «Информационный сервис»), специальности 080801 «Прикладная информатика в сфере сервиса».
Цель практикума – активизация и закрепление лексико-грамматического материала курса, формирование у студентов навыков перевода профессионально-ориентированных текстов и расширение кругозора будущих специалистов соответствующего профиля. При отборе текстового материала в качестве основного критерия служила информационная ценность текстов, их соответствие интересам студентов и возможность расширения понятийного аппарата обучаемых. Тексты снабжены комментариями и словарем. Их подбор и обработка учитывают специфику заочного обучения. Упражнения направлены на закрепление основных грамматических навыков. Регулярная повторяемость лексики текстов в грамматических упражнениях способствует лучшему ее усвоению.
Практикум состоит из десяти уроков и комплекса лексико-грамматических заданий.
LESSON № 1
1. Прочтите и переведите следующий текст:
DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTERS
In the 19th century the need for rapid calculation expanded throughout the industrial world. Governments taxed and policed larger populations than ever before. Commerce expanded so that there were more money transactions than ever before.
Armies of clerks were employed to calculate and record the mass of transactions conducted by business houses, banks and insurance companies. Scientists and engineers required ever more extensive tables of figures.
To meet the demand, new designs of calculating machine were devised.
In the 20th century electricity was harnessed to drive a variety of calculating machines. But the first general-purpose computing machine that was fully electronic was ENIAC (Electronic Numeral Integrator and Calculator), completed at the University of Pennsylvania in 1945. It employed more than 18,000 thermionic valves, weighed 30 tons and occupied 1,500 sq. ft of floor space.
In the post-war years more computers were built, generally in university research departments. The term “electronic brain” was coined.
The first part of the economy in which computers became important was finance. In banks and finance houses information began to be recorded directly in machine-readable form by operators at keyboard machines. At first numbers were recorded on punched paper tape or cards; later these were supplanted by magnetic tape and discs. The number of clerical staff did not fall, but their productivity rose as the number of transactions they could process swelled. In the early 1980s, for instance, in Britain the National Westminster Bank processes some 2 million cheques and 650,000 credits in each working day.
Large companies computerized their payrolls. Shops and stores kept track of goods with the aid of computers and cut their reserve stocks; hence they could reduce their warehouse costs and free space for a wider variety of goods.
Complex industrial processes such as oil refining and steel-rolling were handed over to the control of the computer. Industrial design depended more and more on the computer. It would be impossible to design a new car or jet airliner with a reasonable expenditure of time and money without computers to carry out the enormous number of calculations involved.
The mammoth American company IBM dominated these developments. When delivery of Univac II, announced by IBM’s rival Remington Rand in 1955, was delayed until 1957 by production difficulties, IBM captured the market in large computers.
IBM maintained its lead when the “second generation” of computers appeared around 1960. These employed transistors in place of valves and were more powerful than their predecessors, yet more compact, reliable and economical of energy. They could be housed in a few cabinets, rather than filling a large air-conditioned room.
The trend towards smallness and cheapness was enormously accelerated when the “third generation” of computers, based on the silicon chip, appeared around 1965. Electronic components, such as transistors, could now be made in large numbers on a thin square of silicon, typically ¼ in. square. By 1971 the first microprocessor had appeared in America: the microprocessor was the heart of a computer – the part that does the actual calculating – on a single chip. Other chips could provide memory stores.
When input/output devices, such as a keyboard and printing machine, were added, a complete computing system was obtained that could fit on to a desktop. Such a unit can store about 2 ½ million characters – letters or numbers – of information. Calculations are completed in seconds and the print-out is between 80-120 characters a second.
A visual display unit – a TV screen that could display text punched in by means of a keyboard, together with the computer’s replies – permitted an operator to put instructions and questions to the computer and receive responses.
The computer, now smaller, cheaper and more accessible to ordinary people than ever before, has appeared in the office, on the factory floor and in the home. Computer terminals are seen at airline and theater reservations desks, in stockbrokers’ offices, in factory stockrooms, on power-station control rooms and in banks.
Words:
To expand– расширять(ся), развиваться
Expenditure- трата, расход
To employ – держать на службе, давать работу
Demand – требовать, предъявлять, требование
General-purpose computer – компьютер общего назначения
To harness- покорять, войти в повседневную жизнь
Thermionic valve – термоионная лампа
Payrolls (амер.)- платежная ведомость
Transaction- дело, сделка, деловая операция
Составьте аннотацию к тексту «Development of computers», используя определенные клише.
LESSON № 2
1. Прочтите и переведите следующий текст:
Составьте аннотацию к тексту «Personal computer and its trends», используя определенные клише.
A. –er, or
To control, to compute, to design, to use, to manufacture, to work, to stimulate, to operate, to protect, to process, to deal, to program, to transmit, to print, to record.
B. –tion, -sion
To organize, to collect, to combine, to represent, to transact, to compute, to produce, to add, to invent, to correct, to inform, to substitute, to operate.
C. –ment
To require, to measure, to equip, to invest, to improve, to develop, to achieve, to move, to displace.
LESSON № 3
1. Прочтите и переведите следующий текст:
DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRONICS
Electronics is a field of engineering and applied physics dealing with the design and application of electronic circuits. The operation of circuits depends on the flow of electrons for generation, transmission, reception and storage of information.
Today it is difficult to imagine our life without electronics. It surrounds us everywhere. Electronic devices are widely used in scientific research and industrial designing, they control the work of plants and power stations, calculate he trajectories of spaceships and help the people discover new phenomena of nature. Automatization of production processes and studies on living organisms became possible due to electronics.
The invention of vacuum tubes at the beginning of the 20th century was the starting point of the rapid growth of modern electronics. Vacuum tubes assisted in manipulation of signals. The development of a large variety of tubes designed for specialized functions made possible the progress in radio communication technology before the World War II and in the creation of early computers during and shortly after the war.
The transistor invented by American scientists W. Shockly, J. Bardeen and W. Brattan in 1948 completely replaced the vacuum tube. The transistor, a small piece of a semiconductor with three electrodes, had great advantages over the best vacuum tubes. It provided the same functions as the vacuum tube but at reduces weight, cost, power consumption, and with high reliability. With the invention of the transistor all essential circuit functions could be carried out inside solid bodies. The aim of creating electronic circuits with entirely solid-state components had finally been realized. Early transistors could respond at a rate of a few million times a second. This was fast enough to serve in radio circuits, but far below the speed needed for high-speed computers or for microwave communication systems.
The progress in semiconductor technology led to the development of the integrated circuit (IC), which was discovered due to the efforts of John Kilby in 1958. There appeared a new field of science – integrated electronics. The essence of it is batch processing. Instead of making, testing and assembling descrete components on a chip one at a time, large groupings of these components together with their interconnections were made all at a time. IC greatly reduced the size of devices, lowered manufacturing costs and at the same time they provided high speed and increased reliability.
2. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста.
1. What is electronics?
2. Where are electronic devices used?
3. What was the beginning of electronics development?
4. What is the transistor?
5. When was the transistor invented?
6. When were integrated circuits discovered?
7. What advantages did the transistors have over the vacuum tubes?
LESSON № 4
1. Прочтите и переведите следующий текст:
LESSON № 5
1. Прочтите и переведите следующий текст:
Types of computers
The two basic types of computers are analog and digital. Analog computers simulate physical systems. They operate on the basis of an analogy to the process that is being studied. For example, a voltage may be used to represent other physical quantities such as speed, temperature or pressure. The response of an analog computer is based upon the measurement of signals that vary continuously with time. Hence, analog computers are used in applications that require continuous measurement and control.
Digital computers, as contrasted with analog computers, deal with discrete rather than continuous quantities. They count rather than measure. They use numbers instead of analogous physical quantities to simulate on-going or real-time processes. Because they are discrete events, commercial transactions are in a natural form for digital computation. This is one reason that digital computers are so widely used in business data processing.
Machines that combine both analog and digital capabilities are called hybrid computers. Much business, scientific and industrial computer applications rely on the combination of analog and digital devices. The use of combination analog devices will continue to increase with the growth in applications of microprocessors and microcomputers. An example of this growth is the trend toward installing control systems in household appliances such as microwave ovens and sewing machines. In the future we will have complete indoor climate control systems and robots to do our housecleaning. Analog sensors will provide inputs to the control centers of these systems which will be small digital computers.
Words:
Architecture- архитектура, структура
Architect- разработчик архитектуры (системы, структуры)
Accessory equipment- вспомогательные устройства
Engineering background- техническая подготовка, квалификация
Analyst- аналитик, системный разработчик
Product line- серия компьютерных товаров
Application programmer- прикладной программист
To simulate- моделировать, имитировать
Hybrid computer- аналого-цифровой компьютер (смешанного типа)
Discrete- дискретный, отдельный
Continuous quantity- непрерывная величина
On-going process- продолжающийся, постоянный, непрерывный процесс
To install- устанавливать, размещать, монтировать, настраивать
Household appliances- бытовые приборы, устройства
Indoor climate control system- система регуляции температуры в доме
2. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста.
1. Who designs computers and their accessory equipment?
2. What is the role of an analyst?
3. Is it necessary for a user to become a computer system architect?
4. What functions do computer systems perform?
5. What types of computers do you know?
6. What is the principle of operation of analog computers?
7. How do digital computers differ from analog computers?
8. Where are digital and analog computers used?
9. What are hybrid computers?
10. Where do they find application?
3. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:
Функции ввода, хранения, обработки, управления и вывода информации; познакомиться; системные блоки; вспомогательные устройства; разработчик компьютерной системы; хорошая компьютерная подготовка; различные сферы применения; прикладной программист; главные устройства компьютерной системы; цифровое вычисление; аналого-цифровые компьютеры; бытовые приборы.
LESSON № 6
1. Прочтите и переведите следующий текст:
STORAGE UNITS
Computer system architecture is organized around the primary storage unit because all data and instructions used by the computer system must pass through primary storage. Our discussion of computer system units will begin with the functions of the primary and secondary storage units. This leads to the examination of the central processing unit and from there to the consideration of the input and output units. Therefore, the sequence in which we’ll describe the functional units of a digital computer is:
- storage units, primary and secondary;
- central processing unit;
- input and output units.
As you know, there are primary and secondary storage units. Both contain data and the instructions for processing the data. Data as well as instructions mist flow into and out of primary storage.
Primary storage is also called main storage or internal storage. The specific functions of internal storage are to hold (store):
1) all data to be processed;
2) intermediate results of processing;
3) final results of processing;
4) all the instructions required for on-going process.
Another name for primary storage is memory, because of its similarity to a function of the human brain. However, computer storage differs from human memory in important respects. Computer memory must be able to retain very large numbers of symbol combinations, without forgetting or changing any details. It must be able to locate all its contents quickly upon demand. The combinations of characters, that is, the letters, numbers, and special symbols by which we usually communicate, are coded. The codes used by computer designers are based upon a number system that has only two possible values, 0 and 1. A number system with only two digits, 0 and 1, is called a binary number system. Each binary digit is called a bit, from BInary digiT. As the information capacity of a single bit is limited to 2 alternatives, codes used by computer designers are based upon combinations of bits. These combinations are called binary codes. The most common binary codes are 8-bit codes because an 8-bit code provides for 2/8, or 256 unique combinations of 1’s and 0’s, and this is more than adequate to represent all of the characters by which we communicate.
Data in the form of coded characters are stored in adjacent storage locations in main memory in two principal ways:
1) as “strings” of characters – in bytes;
2) Within fixed-size “boxes” – in words.
A fixed number of consecutive bits that represent a character are called a byte. The most common byte size is 8-bit byte. Words are usually 1 or more bytes in length.
Secondary storage. Primary storage is expensive because each bit is represented by a high-speed device, such as a semiconductor. A million bytes (that is, 8 millions bits) is a large amount of primary storage. Often it is necessary to store many millions, sometimes billions, of bytes of data. Therefore slower, less expensive storage units are available for computer systems. These units are called secondarystorage. Data are stored in them in the same binary codes as in main storage and are made available to main storage as needed.
Words:
Primary/ secondary storage- первичное / вторичное запоминающее устройство
Main storage- основная память, оперативное запоминающее устройство
Internal storage- внутреннее ЗУ
Intermediate results- промежуточные результаты
To retain- сохранять, удерживать
Binary digit- двоичная цифра, двоичный знак
Adjacent- смежный, соседний, примыкающий
Strings of characters- последовательность символов
Consecutive- последовательный
2. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста.
1. What are the functional units of a digital computer?
2. What units make up the central peocessing unit?
3. How is computer system organized?
4. What are the two main types of storage units?
5. What do they contain?
6. What is the function of a primary storage?
7. Why is primary storage called memory?
8. In what respect does computer memory differ from human memory?
9. What are codes are based on?
10. What is secondary storage and what is it used for?
LESSON № 7
1. Прочтите и переведите следующий текст:
STORAGE DEVICES
Storage media are classified as primary storage or secondary storage on the basis of combinations of cost, capacity and access time. The cost of storage devices is expressed as the cost per bit of data stored. The most common units of cost are cents, millicents (0.001 cents) and micro cents (0.000001 cents). The time required for the computer to locate and transfer data to and from a storage medium is called the access time for that medium. Capacities range from a few hundred bytes of primary storage for very small computers to many billions of bytes of archival storage for very large computer systems.
Memories can be classified as electronic or electromechanical. Electronic memories have no moving mechanical parts, and data can be transferred into and out of them at very high speeds. Electromechanical memories depend upon moving mechanical parts for their operation, such as mechanisms for rotating magnetic tapes and disks. Their data access time is longer than is that of electronic memories; however, they cost less per bit stored and have larger capacities for data storage. For these reasons most computer systems use electronic memory for primary storage and electromechanical memory for secondary storage.
Primary storage has the least capacity and is the most expensive. However, it has the fastest access time. The principal primary storage circuit elements are solid-state devices: magnetic cores and semiconductors. For many years magnetic cores were the principal elements used in digital computers for primary storage. The two principal types of semiconductors used for memory are bipolar and metal-oxide semiconductors (MOS). The former is the faster, the latter is more commonly used at present. Because data can be accessed randomly, semiconductor memories are referred to as random-access memory or RAM.
There is a wide range of secondary storage devices. Typical hardware devices are rotating electromechanical devices. Magnetic tapes, disks and drums are the secondary storage hardware most often used in computer systems for sequential processing. Magnetic tape which was invented by the Germans during World War II for sound recording is the oldest secondary storage medium in common use. Data are recorded in the form of small magnetized “dots” that can be arranged to represent coded patterns of bits.
Tape devices range from large-capacity, high-data-rate units used with large data processing systems to cassettes and cartridges used with small systems. Magnetic disk storage introduced in the early 1960s has replaced magnetic tape as the main method of secondary storage. As contrasted with magnetic tapes, magnetic discs can perform both sequential and random processing. They are classified as moving -head, fixed-head or combination moving-head and fixed-head devices. Magnetic disks are the predominant secondary storage media. They include flexible or floppy discs called diskettes. The “floppies” were introduced by IBM in 1972 and are still a popular storage medium to meet the demands of the microcomputer market.
Words:
Medium (pl. media)- носитель, среда
Capacity- емкость, объем памяти, пропускная способность
Data access time- время доступа к данным
Per bit- на единицу информации
To transfer- передавать (ся), переносить
To rotate- вращать, чередовать
Solid-state device- твердотельный прибор
Magnetic core- магнитный сердечник
Bipolar semiconductor- биполярный полупроводник
Metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS) - структура металл-оксид-проводник
Randomly- произвольно
Random-access memory (RAM) - оперативное запоминающее устройство (ОЗУ)
Sound recording- звукозапись
To arrange- размещать, располагать, устанавливать
Moving-head device- устройство с двигающейся головкой
Predominant- преобладающий, доминирующий
Flexible- гибкий, изменяемый
Floppy disc- гибкий диск(ета)
To meet the demands- удовлетворять потребности
To range- классифицировать, располагать в порядке
Magnetic disc storage- ЗУ на магнитном диске
2. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста.
1. How are storage media classified?
2. How is the cost of storage devices expressed?
3. What is the access time for storage media?
4. How does the storage capacity range?
5. What are the two main types of storage devices?
6. What are electronic storage devices?
7. What are the principal primary storage circuit elements?
8. What are the main secondary storage devices?
9. What is the oldest secondary medium and when was it invented?
10. What is floppy?
LESSON № 8
1. Прочтите и переведите следующий текст:
INPUT-OUTPUT ENVIRONMENT
Data and instructions must enter he data processing system, and information must leave it. These operations are performed by input and output (I/O) units that link the computer to its external environment.
The I/O environment may be human-related or human-independent. A remote banking terminal is an example of a human-related input environment, and a printer is an example of a device that produces output in a human-readable format. An example of a human-independent input environment is a device that measures traffic flow. A reel of magnetic tape upon which the collected data are stored in binary format is an example of a human-independent output.
Input-Output Interfaces. Data enter input units in forms that depend upon the particular device used. For example, data are entered from a keyboard in a manner similar to typing, and this differs from the way that data are entered by a bar-code scanner. However, regardless of the forms in which they receive their inputs all input devices must provide a computer with data that are transformed into the binary codes that the primary memory of the computer is designed to accept. This transformation is accomplished by units called I/O interfaces. Input interfaces are designed to match the unique physical or electrical characteristics of input devices to the requirements of the computer system. Similarly, when output is available, output interfaces must be designed to reverse the process and to adapt the output to the external environment. These I/O interfaces are also called channels or input-output processors (IOP).
The major differences between devices are the media that they use and the speed with which they are able to transfer data to or from primary storage.
Input-Output Device Speed. Input-output devices can be classified as high-speed, medium-speed and low-speed. The devices are grouped according to their speed. It should be noted that the high-sped devices are entirely electronic in their operation or magnetic media that can be moved at high speed. Those high-speed devices are both input and output devices and are used as secondary storage. The low-speed devices are those with complex mechanical motion or operate at the speed of a human operator. The medium-speed devices are those that fall between – they tend to have mechanical moving parts which are more complex than the high-speed devices but not as complex as the low-speed.
High-speed devices: magnetic discs, magnetic tape.
Medium-speed devices: card readers, line printers, page printers, computer output microfilms, magnetic diskette, optical character readers, optical mark readers, visual displays.
Low-speed devices: bar-code readers, character printers, keyboard input devices, plotters, voice recognition and response units.
Words:
Environment- среда, окружение, режим работы
Human-related- взаимосвязанный с человеком
Human-independent- независимый от человека
Remote terminal- удаленный терминал
Reel of magnetic tape- бобина с магнитной лентой
Input-output interface- интерфейс (сопряжение, место стыковки) ввода-вывода
Scan- просматривать, сканировать
Bar-code scanner / bar code reader- устройство считывания штрих-кода
Regardless of- несмотря на, независимо от
To match characteristics- сопоставлять параметры
Similarly- подобным образом, аналогично
To fall between- падать, попадать в интервал между
Card reader- устройство считывания карты
Line printer- построчный принтер
Page printer- принтер с постраничной печатью
Character printer- принтер с посимвольной печатью
Optical printer reader- оптическое считывающее устройство текста
Optical mark reader- оптическое считывающее устройство знаков
Visual display- визуальный индикатор
Keyboard input device- клавишное устройство ввода
Plotter- графопостроитель
Voice recognition and response unit- устройство распознавания голоса и реагирования
2. Дайте ответы на следующие вопросы.
1. What is the purpose of input and output devices?
2. What types of input-output devices do you know?
3. Why are data transformed into a binary code while entering the input device?
4. What is an I/O interface?
5. What are the major differences between the various I/O devices?
6. What types of I/O devices tend to be high-speed devices?
7. What types of devices tend to be low-speed devices?
LESSON № 9
1. Прочтите и переведите следующий текст:
INPUT DEVICES
There are several devices used for inputting information into the computer: a keyboard, some coordinate input devices, such as manipulators (a mouse, a track ball), touch panels and graphical plotting tables, scanners, digital cameras, TV tuners, sound cards.
When personal computers first became popular, the most common device used to transfer information from the user to the computer was the keyboard. It enables inputting numerical and text data. A standard keyboard has 104 keys and three more ones informing about the operating mode of light indicators in the upper right corner.
Later when the more advanced graphics became to develop, user found that a keyboard did not provide the design capabilities of graphics and text representation on the display. There appeared manipulators, a mouse and a track ball, that are usually used while operating with graphical interface. Each software program uses these buttons differently.
The mouse is an optic-mechanical input device. The mouse has three or two buttons which control the cursor movement across the screen. The mouse provides the cursor control thus simplifying user’s orientation on the display. The mouse’s primary functions are to help the user draw, point and select images on his computer display by moving the mouse across the screen.
In general software programs require to press one or more buttons, sometimes keeping them depressed or double-click them to issue changes in commands and to draw or to erase images. When you move the mouse across a flat surface, the ball located on the bottom side of the mouse turns two rollers. One is tracking the mouse’s vertical movements; the other is tracking horizontal movements. The rotating ball glides easily, giving the user good control over the textual and graphical images.
In portable computers touch panels or touch pads are used instead of manipulators. Moving a finger along the surface of the touch pad is transformed into the cursor movement across the screen.
Graphical plotting tables (plotters) find application in drawing and inputting manuscript texts. You can draw, add notes and signs to electronic documents by means of a special pen. The quality of graphical plotting tables is characterized by permitting capacity that is the number of lines per inch, and their capability to respond to the force of pen pressing.
Scanner is used for optical inputting of images (photos, pictures, slides) and texts and converting them into the computer form.
Digital video cameras have been spread recently. They enable getting video images and photos directly in digital computer format. Digital cameras give possibility to get high quality photos.
Sound cards produce sound conversation from analog to digital form. They are able to synthesize sounds. Special game-ports and joysticks are widely used in computer games.
Words:
Keyboard- клавиатура
Manipulator- манипулятор, блок обработки
Track ball- трекбол
Touch panel- сенсорная панель
Graphic plotting tables- графические планшеты
Sound card- звуковая карта (плата)
Enable- разрешать, позволять, допускать
Operating mode- режим работы
Keep buttons depressed- удерживать кнопки в нажатом состоянии
Double-click- двойное нажатие
Erase images- удалить, стереть изображение
By means of- посредством
Permitting capacity- разрешающая способность
2. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста.
1. What devices are used for inputting information into the computer?
2. What was the most common device in early personal computers?
3. What is the function of a keyboard?
4. Why do many users prefer manipulators to a keyboard?
5. How does the mouse operate?
6. What is its function?
7. What role does the ball on the bottom of the mouse play?
8. What is used in portable computers instead of manipulators?
9. What is the touch pad’s principle of operation?
10. Where do graphical plotting tables find application?
LESSON № 10
1. Прочтите и переведите следующий текст:
SUPPLEMENTARY READING
(ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНОГО ЧТЕНИЯ)
A MODEM
The piece of equipment that allows a computer to communicate with other computers over telephone lines is called a modem. The modem allows the individual to access information from all over the world and use that information in everyday life. Connecting with banks, Automatic Teller Machines, cash registers to read credit cards, access travel agents, buy products, e-mail, access databases, and teleconferencing, the modems provide easy access to many services. Files can be transferred easily, by uploading to another machine, or downloading to your own machine within a matter of minutes. The computer modem can be used as a telephone answering system, and documents can be faxed from one computer to another assuring fast and easy access to important documents.
A modem takes computer information and changes it into a signal that can be sent over telephone lines. The modem is a bridge between digital and analog signals. The computer is of the digital type, and the telephone using analog technology. The modem converts the “0”s and “1”s of the computer (off-on switches) into an analog signals modulating the frequency of the electronic wave or signal. The modem does just the opposite and demodulates the signal back into digital code. The modem gets its name from Modulate and the Demodulate.
Most people believe that you need a separate phone line for a modem, but that is not true. Your modem and telephone can share one line; the problem arises when someone else needs to use the telephone while the modem is in use. Also disable call waiting, it could disrupt your modem connection while the modem is in use.
There are three kinds of modem – internal, external and fax. All modems do the same thing; they allow computers to communicate through telephone lines. This lets computers exchange information everywhere.
Internal Modem is a circuit board that pugs into one of the expansion slots of the computer. Internal modems usually are cheaper than external modems, but when problems occur, fixing and troubleshooting the modem can sometimes prove to be quite difficult.
External Modem attaches to the back of the computer by way of a cable that plugs into the modem port. It is usually less expensive and very portable. It can be used with other computers very easily by unplugging it and plugging it into another computer.
Fax Modem can be hooked up to your telephone and used to send information to your computer. Your computer can also send information to a fax machine. Most computer modems are modems with faxing capabilities.
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE
All computers consist of hardware. This includes the computer itself and all other related physical devices. The other pieces of the computer system include software, the instructions that tell the computer what tasks to perform; data, the information the computer works on, and you, the user, who ultimately tell the computer what to do, and for whom the computer does all its work.
All computers use the same basic techniques for carrying out the tasks we give them. The computer takes in data through input devices, it manipulates the data according to its instructions, it outputs the results of its processing, and it stores data for later use. These four processes together are known as the computing cycle.
Input is the process of entering data into the computer. The most common device used for input on microcomputers is the keyboard. Computer keyboards include many special command and function keys to perform specialized input tasks as well as the usual typewriter layout. Other input devices include a mouse, which manipulates a pointer on the computer screen for giving commands and entering data; a scanner which reads graphic images and pages of text and sends them to the computer; a modem which receives data over phone lines and several other devices.
Once data is in a microcomputer, it is processed by the microprocessor and its associated integrated circuit chips. Microprocessors perform all calculations and manipulations necessary to transform data into meaningful information. Associated with the processor is the computer’s memory which while they are being used by the processor.
Getting processed data out of the computer is the job of output devices. The computer can display the data on a monitor screen of which there are several types: colour or monochrome, flat-panel or picture tube, desktop or portable. You can also send data to a printer or plotter to make a paper copy use the modem to send the data over a phone line to another computer or use any number of specialized output devices.
What do you do if you want to keep the data in a permanent form? That’s what storage devices are for. Storage devices hold permanently, so you can save it and retrieve it later. All microcomputers use discs to store data magnetically. Each type at disk is used by its corresponding disc drive to read and write information. Floppy discs are used for easy, portable storage, and built-in hard discs are used for more permanent storage of larger amounts of data and programs for fast access. Other common storage devices include optical discs (such as CD-ROM) and magnetic tape.
A program is a group of instructions that tells the processing devices what to do. Software can be a single program or a set of programs that work together. Because their meanings are very similar, the terms software (or a piece of software) and program are often used interchangeably.
Two types of software are necessary to make the computer capable of performing useful work. They are the operating system and application software. The operating system contains basic instructions that tell the CPU how to use other hardware devices, where to find programs in memory, and how to load and keep track of programs in memory. Because it includes basic instructions that are vital to the internal functioning of the computer, the operating system is the first program to be processed after the computer is turned on, and it remains in memory until the computer is turned off.
For the computer to perform useful tasks, it needs application software in addition to the operating system. An application is a job that a computer can perform, such as creating text documents, manipulating sets of numbers, creating graphic images and communicating with other computers. Application software is the term used to describe programs that tell the computer how to perform such jobs. The six most common types of application software are:
- Word processing software;
- Graphics software;
- Desktop publishing software;
- Spreadsheet software;
- Database management software;
- Communications software.
Application software is what makes a computer a tool for performing the tasks we most often need to complete at school, at home or at offices.
WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
A computer is a machine with an intricate network of electronic circuits that operate switches or magnetize tiny metal cores. The switches, like the cores, are capable of being in one or two possible states, that is, on or off; magnetized or demagnetized. The machine is capable of storing and manipulating numbers, letters and characters (symbols).
The basic idea of a computer is that we can make the machine do what we want by inputting signals that turn certain switches on and turn others off, or magnetize or do not magnetize the cores.
The basic job of computers is processing of information. For this reason computers can be defined as devices which accept information in the form of instructions, called a program, and characters, called data, perform mathematical and logical operations on the information, and then supply results of these operations. The program or part of it, which tells the computers what to do and the data which provide the information needed to solve the problem are kept inside the computer in a place called memory.
It is considerable that computers have many remarkable powers. However, most computers, whether large or small, have three basic capabilities.
First, computers have circuits for performing arithmetic operations, such as: addition, subtraction, division, multiplication and exponentiation.
Second, computers have a means of communicating with the user. After all, if we could not feed information in and get results back, these machines would not be of much use. Some of the most common methods of inputting information are to use terminals, diskettes, disks and magnetic tapes. The computer’s input device (a disc drive or tape drive) reads the information into the computer. For outputting information two common devices used are: a printer, printing the new information on paper, and a cathode-ray-tube display which shows the results on a TV-like screen.
Third, computers have circuits which can make decisions. The kinds of decisions which computer circuits can make are not of the type: “Who would win the war between two countries?” or “Who is the richest person in the world?” Unfortunately, the computer can only decide three things, namely: Is one number less than another? Are two numbers equal? Is one number greater than another?
A computer can solve a series of problems and make thousands of logical decisions without becoming tired. It can find the solution to a problem in a fraction of the time it takes a human being to do the job.
A computer can replace people in dull, routine tasks, but it works according to the instructions given to it. There are times when a computer seems to operate like a mechanical “brain”, but its achievements are limited by the minds of human beings. A computer cannot do anything unless a person tells it what to do and gives it the necessary information, but because electric pulses can move at the speed of light, a computer can carry out great numbers of arithmetic-logical operations almost instantaneously. A person can do the same but in many cases that person would be dead long before the job was finished.
БИБЛИОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ СПИСОК
1. Качалова, К.Н. Практическая грамматика английского языка [Текст]: учебник / К.Н. Качалова, Е.Е. Израилевич. – М.: ЮНВЕС, 1996. – 717 с.
2. Англо-русский словарь: 40000 слов [Текст] / сост. И.К. Мюллер, С.К. Боянус. – Киев: Канон: Гамма Пресс, 2002. – 688 с.
3. Англо-русский и русско-английский современный словарь + грамматика [Текст]: около 50000 слов / сост. Т.А. Сиротина. – Ростов н/Д.: БАРО-ПРЕСС, 1999. – 992 с.
4. Радовель, В.А. Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности [Текст]: учеб. пособие / В.А. Радовель. – Ростов н/Д: Изд-во «Феникс», 2005. – 219 с.
5. Лоскутова, Г.В. English. Computer: views and news [Текст]: учеб. пособие / Г.В. Лоскутова, Ю.В. Масленникова. – Санкт-Петербург: Изд-во «Каро», 2004. – 190 с.
ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ А
(рекомендуемое)
Фонетический справочник
БУКВОСОЧЕТАНИЯ
| bt ght gn kn ph qu ss | [t] [t] [n] [n] [f] [kw] [s] | debt, doubt light, right, night design, reign, sign knee, knife, know photo, philosophy queen, question possible, passive |
ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ Б
(рекомендуемое)
Грамматический справочник
Инфинитивные конструкции
| Конструкция | Пример | Перевод |
| 1. Сложное дополнение (Complex Object) сущ. (общ. падеж) / местоимение (объект. падеж)+ инфинитив | We believe her to be in Moscow now. My mother wanted me to return soon. | Мы полагаем, что она сейчас в Москве. Моя мама хотела, чтобы я скорее вернулся. |
| 2. Сложное подлежащее (Complex Subject) сущ. (общ. падеж) / местоимение (имен. падеж)+ глагол + инфинитив | They are said to have traveled a lot. The data proved to be wrong. | Говорят, что они много путешествовали. Данные оказались неверными. |
Формы причастия
| Participle I | Participle II | Perfect Participle | |
| Active Passive | asking being asked | -------------------- asked | having asked having been asked |
Способы перевода герундия
| Пример | Перевод герундия |
| Reading English books is very useful. | Чтение английских книг полезно. (Существительное) |
| They started correlating the properties of these two devices. | Они начали сравнивать свойства этих двух приборов. (Инфинитив) |
| We cannot master English without working at it systematically. | Мы не можем овладеть английским языком, не работая над ним систематически. (Деепричастие) |
| We have heard of his working at an interesting problem. | Мы слышали, что он работает над интересной проблемой. (Глагол в личной форме) |
Приложение В
(рекомендуемое)
Таблица неправильных глаголов
| Infinitive | Past Indefinite | Participle II | Перевод |
| to be | was/were | been | быть |
| to become | became | become | становится |
| to begin | began | begun | начинать(ся) |
| to blow | blew | blown | дуть |
| to break | broke | broken | ломать |
| to bring | brought | brought | приносить |
| to build | built | built | строить |
| to burn | burnt | burnt | гореть, жечь |
| to buy | bought | bought | покупать |
| to catch | caught | caught | ловить, поймать |
| to choose | chose | chosen | выбирать |
| to come | came | come | приходить |
| to cost | cost | cost | стоить |
| to cut | cut | cut | резать |
| to do | did | done | делать |
| to drive | drove | driven | везти |
| to eat | ate[et] | eaten | есть, кушать |
| to fall | fell | fallen | падать |
| to feel | felt | felt | чувствовать (себя) |
| to find | found | found | находить |
| to forget | forgot | forgotten | забывать |
| to get | got | got | получать, становиться |
| to give | gave | given | давать |
| to go | went | gone | идти, ехать |
| to have | had | had | иметь |
| to hear | heard | heard | слышать |
| to keep | kept | kept | держать, хранить |
| to know | knew | known | знать |
| to leave | left | left | покидать, оставлять |
| to let | let | let | позволять |
| to lose | lost | lost | терять |
| to make | made | made | делать, создавать |
| to meet | met | met | встречать(ся) |
| to put | put | put | класть, ставить |
| to read | read [red] | read [red] | читать |
| to run | ran | run | бежать |
| to say | said [sed] | said [sed] | сказать, говорить |
| to see | saw | seen | видеть |
| to sell | sold | sold | продавать |
| to send | sent | sent | посылать, отправлять |