1. That was the machine provided with the necessary facts about the problem to be solved.
а) Машину обеспечили необходимыми фактами, чтобы она решила проблему.
б) То была машина, снабженная необходимой информацией о задаче, которую предстояло решить.
в) Эту машину обеспечили необходимой информацией о решаемой задаче.
2. The computers designed to use IC were called third generation computers.
а) Компьютеры сконструировали для использования ИС и назвали их третьим поколением.
б) Компьютеры назывались третьим поколением, потому что в них использовались ИС.
в) Компьютеры, сконструированные для использования ИС, назывались компьютерами третьего поколения.
3. Mark I was the first machine to figure out mathematical problems.
а) Первая машина для вычисления математических задач была Марк I.
б) Марк I явилась первой машиной для вычисления математических задач.
в) Марк I была первой машиной, которая вычисляла математические задачи.
4. Computers were developed to perform calculations for military and scientific purposes.
а) Компьютеры были созданы, чтобы выполнять вычисления для военных и научных целей.
б) Компьютеры создали для выполнения военных и научных целей.
в) Созданные компьютеры выполняли вычисления военного и научного назначения.
LESSON № 5
1. Прочтите и переведите следующий текст:
COMPUTER SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
As we know all computer systems perform the functions of inputting, storing, processing, controlling and outputting. Now we’ll get acquainted with the computer system units that perform these functions. But to begin with let’s examine computer systems from the perspective of the system designer or architect.
It should be noted that computers and their accessory equipment are designed by a computer system architect, who usually has a strong engineering background. As contrasted with the analyst who uses a computer to solve specific problems the computer system architect usually designs computer that can be used for many different applications in many different business. For example, the product lines of major computer manufacturers such as IBM, Digital Equipment Corporation and many others are the result of the efforts of teams of computer system architects.
Unless you are studying engineering you do not need to become a computer system architect. However, it is important that as a potential user, applications programmer or systems analyst you understand the functions of the major units of a computer system and how they work together.
Types of computers
The two basic types of computers are analog and digital. Analog computers simulate physical systems. They operate on the basis of an analogy to the process that is being studied. For example, a voltage may be used to represent other physical quantities such as speed, temperature or pressure. The response of an analog computer is based upon the measurement of signals that vary continuously with time. Hence, analog computers are used in applications that require continuous measurement and control.
Digital computers, as contrasted with analog computers, deal with discrete rather than continuous quantities. They count rather than measure. They use numbers instead of analogous physical quantities to simulate on-going or real-time processes. Because they are discrete events, commercial transactions are in a natural form for digital computation. This is one reason that digital computers are so widely used in business data processing.
Machines that combine both analog and digital capabilities are called hybrid computers. Much business, scientific and industrial computer applications rely on the combination of analog and digital devices. The use of combination analog devices will continue to increase with the growth in applications of microprocessors and microcomputers. An example of this growth is the trend toward installing control systems in household appliances such as microwave ovens and sewing machines. In the future we will have complete indoor climate control systems and robots to do our housecleaning. Analog sensors will provide inputs to the control centers of these systems which will be small digital computers.
Words:
Architecture- архитектура, структура
Architect- разработчик архитектуры (системы, структуры)
Accessory equipment- вспомогательные устройства
Engineering background- техническая подготовка, квалификация
Analyst- аналитик, системный разработчик
Product line- серия компьютерных товаров
Application programmer- прикладной программист
To simulate- моделировать, имитировать
Hybrid computer- аналого-цифровой компьютер (смешанного типа)
Discrete- дискретный, отдельный
Continuous quantity- непрерывная величина
On-going process- продолжающийся, постоянный, непрерывный процесс
To install- устанавливать, размещать, монтировать, настраивать
Household appliances- бытовые приборы, устройства
Indoor climate control system- система регуляции температуры в доме
2. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста.
1. Who designs computers and their accessory equipment?
2. What is the role of an analyst?
3. Is it necessary for a user to become a computer system architect?
4. What functions do computer systems perform?
5. What types of computers do you know?
6. What is the principle of operation of analog computers?
7. How do digital computers differ from analog computers?
8. Where are digital and analog computers used?
9. What are hybrid computers?
10. Where do they find application?
3. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:
Функции ввода, хранения, обработки, управления и вывода информации; познакомиться; системные блоки; вспомогательные устройства; разработчик компьютерной системы; хорошая компьютерная подготовка; различные сферы применения; прикладной программист; главные устройства компьютерной системы; цифровое вычисление; аналого-цифровые компьютеры; бытовые приборы.
Переведите предложения, содержащие Participle I и Participle II.
1. When entering the Internet, I always find a lot of interesting information.
2. Though never built Babbage’s analytical engine was the basis for designing today’s computers.
3. When written in a symbolic language programs require the translation into the machine language.
4. While operating on the basis of analogy analog computers simulate physical systems.
5. When used voltage represents other physical quantities in analog computers.
6. Being discrete events commercial transactions are in a natural form for a digital computer.
7. As contrasted with the analyst the computer system architect designs computers for many different applications.
8. While dealing with discrete quantities digital computers count rather than measure.
9. When using a microcomputer you are constantly making choice – to open a file, to close a file, and so on.
10. As known all computer systems perform the functions of inputting, storing, processing, controlling and outputting.
5. Переведите предложения или словосочетания, содержащие:
А. Инфинитив в функции обстоятельства
1. Computers were designed to perform thousands of computations per second.
2. To make computers more reliable transistors were used.
3. They were applied to reduce computational time.
4. To integrate large numbers of circuit elements into a small chip, transistors should be reduced in size.
5. To use integrated circuit technology new computers were built.
6. Analytical engine was invented to store data.
Б. Инфинитив в функции определения
The problem to be solved, the work to be finished, the cards to be punched, calculations to be performed, computers to be used for a data processing, electronics to connect systems and subsystems, computers to perform thousands of calculations per second, operations to be performed.
LESSON № 6
1. Прочтите и переведите следующий текст:
STORAGE UNITS
Computer system architecture is organized around the primary storage unit because all data and instructions used by the computer system must pass through primary storage. Our discussion of computer system units will begin with the functions of the primary and secondary storage units. This leads to the examination of the central processing unit and from there to the consideration of the input and output units. Therefore, the sequence in which we’ll describe the functional units of a digital computer is:
- storage units, primary and secondary;
- central processing unit;
- input and output units.
As you know, there are primary and secondary storage units. Both contain data and the instructions for processing the data. Data as well as instructions mist flow into and out of primary storage.
Primary storage is also called main storage or internal storage. The specific functions of internal storage are to hold (store):
1) all data to be processed;
2) intermediate results of processing;
3) final results of processing;
4) all the instructions required for on-going process.
Another name for primary storage is memory, because of its similarity to a function of the human brain. However, computer storage differs from human memory in important respects. Computer memory must be able to retain very large numbers of symbol combinations, without forgetting or changing any details. It must be able to locate all its contents quickly upon demand. The combinations of characters, that is, the letters, numbers, and special symbols by which we usually communicate, are coded. The codes used by computer designers are based upon a number system that has only two possible values, 0 and 1. A number system with only two digits, 0 and 1, is called a binary number system. Each binary digit is called a bit, from BInary digiT. As the information capacity of a single bit is limited to 2 alternatives, codes used by computer designers are based upon combinations of bits. These combinations are called binary codes. The most common binary codes are 8-bit codes because an 8-bit code provides for 2/8, or 256 unique combinations of 1’s and 0’s, and this is more than adequate to represent all of the characters by which we communicate.
Data in the form of coded characters are stored in adjacent storage locations in main memory in two principal ways:
1) as “strings” of characters – in bytes;
2) Within fixed-size “boxes” – in words.
A fixed number of consecutive bits that represent a character are called a byte. The most common byte size is 8-bit byte. Words are usually 1 or more bytes in length.
Secondary storage. Primary storage is expensive because each bit is represented by a high-speed device, such as a semiconductor. A million bytes (that is, 8 millions bits) is a large amount of primary storage. Often it is necessary to store many millions, sometimes billions, of bytes of data. Therefore slower, less expensive storage units are available for computer systems. These units are called secondarystorage. Data are stored in them in the same binary codes as in main storage and are made available to main storage as needed.
Words:
Primary/ secondary storage- первичное / вторичное запоминающее устройство
Main storage- основная память, оперативное запоминающее устройство
Internal storage- внутреннее ЗУ
Intermediate results- промежуточные результаты
To retain- сохранять, удерживать
Binary digit- двоичная цифра, двоичный знак
Adjacent- смежный, соседний, примыкающий
Strings of characters- последовательность символов
Consecutive- последовательный
2. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста.
1. What are the functional units of a digital computer?
2. What units make up the central peocessing unit?
3. How is computer system organized?
4. What are the two main types of storage units?
5. What do they contain?
6. What is the function of a primary storage?
7. Why is primary storage called memory?
8. In what respect does computer memory differ from human memory?
9. What are codes are based on?
10. What is secondary storage and what is it used for?